《劳动论》以人类劳动的社会性为基础，运用辩证唯物史观，以人类劳动的态势差别为核心，对人类社会经济的历史与现实作了相对系统全面的考察和研究。科学地认识劳动及其内部矛盾，是当代政治经济学研究创新的起点。由这一起点阐发的理论可明确地解决人类对自身认识的困惑，科学地认识资本主义社会存在、发展、死亡的必然性，以及未来全球实现社会主义的实质，即通过提升人类劳动智力，消除一切变态动力以完成人类劳动的完善。

How did humankind deal with the extreme challenges of the lastIce Age? How have the relatively benign post-Ice Age conditionsaffected the evolution and spread of humanity across the globe? Bysetting our genetic history in the context of climate change duringprehistory, the origin of many features of our modern world areidentified and presented in this illuminating book. It reviews theaspects of our physiology and intellectual development that havebeen influenced by climatic factors, and how features of our lives- diet, language and the domestication of animals - are also theproduct of the climate in which we evolved. In short: climatechange in prehistory has in many ways made us what we are today.Climate Change in Prehistory weaves together studies of the climatewith anthropological, archaeological and historical studies, andwill fascinate all those interested in the effects of climate onhuman development and history.

This book provides the first English-language history of thepostwar labor migration to West Germany. Drawing on governmentbulletins, statements by political leaders, parliamentaryarguments, industry newsletters, social welfare studies, presscoverage, and the cultural production of immigrant artists andintellectuals, Rita Chin offers an account of West German publicdebate about guest workers. She traces the historical andideological shifts around the meanings of the labor migration,moving from the concept of guest workers as a 'temporary laborsupplement' in the 1950s and 1960s to early ideas about'multiculturalism' by the end of the 1980s. She argues that theefforts to come to terms with the permanent residence of guestworkers, especially Muslim Turks, forced a major rethinking ofGerman identity, culture, and nation. What began as a policyinitiative to fuel the economic miracle ultimately became a muchbroader discussion about the parameters of a specifically Germanbrand of multiculturalism.

This is a history of the early European middle ages throughthe eyes of women, combining the rich literature of women's historywith original research in the context of mainstream history andtraditional chronology. The book begins at the end of the Romanempire and ends with the start of the long eleventh century, whenwomen and men set out to test the old frontiers of Europe. The bookrecreates the lives of ordinary women but also tells personalstories of individuals. Each chapter also questions an assumptionof medieval historiography, and uses the few documents produced bywomen themselves, along with archaeological evidence, art, and thewritten records of medieval men, to tell of women, theirexperiences and ideas, and their relations with men. It covers thecontinent and its exotic edges, such as Iceland, Ireland, andIberia; looking at women Christian and non-Christian alike.

The Ngwa region lies in the heart of the Nigerian palm belt.Palm oil is one of the oldest foodstuffs of the region and has alsobeen an export crop, produced mainly by women, from the earlynineteenth century to the present day. This book describes the riseand fall of the oil palm export industry. In contrast to the viewsof both dependency and vent-for-surplus theorists, it is shown thatpatterns of export growth and capital investment were heavilyinfluenced by locally inspired changes in food production methods,gender and intergenerational relationships. The processes of changewithin the domestic and export economies became increasinglyclosely intertwined after 1924, when African coastal middlemenbegan to settle further inland and to spread the knowledge ofcassava and Christianity, and when colonial officials introduceddirect taxation and consolidated their Native Court system. Thisbook draws upon a wide range of economic, botanical,anthropological and historical studies as well as on colonialarchives, b

Based on lectures given as part of The Stone Lectures inEconomics, this book discusses the problem of formulating monetarypolicy in practice, under the uncertain circumstances whichcharacterize the real world. How should central banks set monetarypolicy? In which way should they take uncertainty into account whendesigning a monetary policy strategy? Should they respond to shocksaggressively or cautiously? These questions are discussed both withreference to the experience of the Bundesbank and of the EuropeanCentral Bank and in relation to a simple stylized economicmodel.

Daniel Carey examines afresh the fundamental debate within theEnlightenment about human diversity. Three central figures - Locke,Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson - questioned whether human nature wasfragmented by diverse and incommensurable customs and beliefs orunified by shared moral and religious principles. Locke's critiqueof innate ideas initiated the argument, claiming that no consensusexisted in the world about morality or God's existence. Testimonyof human difference established this point. His position wasdisputed by the third Earl of Shaftesbury who reinstated a Stoicaccount of mankind as inspired by common ethical convictions and animpulse toward the divine. Hutcheson attempted a difficultsynthesis of these two opposing figures, respecting Locke'scritique while articulating a moral sense that structured humannature. Daniel Carey concludes with an investigation of therelationship between these arguments and contemporary theories, andshows that current conflicting positions reflect long-standingdifference

How did life on earth originate? Did replication ormetabolism come first in the history of life? In this book, FreemanDyson examines these questions and discusses the two main theoriesthat try to explain how naturally occurring chemicals couldorganize themselves into living creatures. The majority view isthat life began with replicating molecules, the precursors ofmodern genes. The minority belief is that random populations ofmolecules evolved metabolic activities before exact replicationexisted. Dyson analyzes both of these theories with reference torecent important discoveries by geologists and chemists. His mainaim is to stimulate experiments that could help to decide whichtheory is correct. This second edition covers the enormous advancesthat have been made in biology and geology in the past and theimpact they have had on our ideas about how life began. It is aclearly-written, fascinating book that will appeal to anyoneinterested in the origins of life.

Why are there so few prominent female physicists?Traditionally women have faced barriers in higher education,denying them access to higher learning and scientific laboratories.Today many of these barriers have been breached, but the femalepioneers who overcame discrimination and became major players intheir fields remain largely in the shadows. Their names deserve tobe known and the importance of their work, achievements andcontributions to science warrant recognition. Originally publishedin 2006, Out of the Shadows provides an accurate and authoritativede*ion of the women who made original and importantcontributions to physics in the twentieth century, documentingtheir major discoveries and putting their work into its historicalcontext. Each chapter concentrates on a different woman, and iswritten by a physicist with considerable experience in their field.The book is an ideal reference for anyone with an interest inscience and social history.