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During the period from the end of 1950s to the early 1960s, a series of engineering disasters of rock mass occurred one after another, for example, in December 1959, the foundation of the Malpasset concrete arch dam in France failed and resulted in a flood and about 450 people were killed ; in October 1963, a landslide of upstream of the reservoir of Vajont dam in Italy generated wave of 100 meters overtopped the dam and killed about 2500 people of the downstream of the dam; in 1960, a coal mine in South Mriea collapsed with the loss of 432 lives; in our country, several mines, such as Stannary Mining Bureau, Pangushan tungsten mine, Dajishan tungsten mine were mined in open stopping method, generated early or late many dilapidations of large-scale rock mass. These disasters aroused the galactic attention of people of rock engineering world and they joined in the study of rock mass mechanics, making rock mass mechanics effectively developed, and formed an engineering subject with sp
Architecture gained a new significance in the eyes of the world when New York's World Trade Center was brutally attacked on September 11, 2001, as a symbol of the freedom and commercial strength of the United States of America. Recognizing the public's new appreciation of the correlation between architecture and the culture that creates it, Max Protetch, a New York art gallery owner who is the world's preeminent dealer of architectural drawings and has represented some of architecture's finest minds, launched an artistic response to the attacks that would help New Yorkers regain their footing and envision a new future for the city. By the end of September, as the debate began to stir over what would become of the devastated lower portion of Manhattan, Protetch had begun asking many of the world's top architects to contribute to one of the most important and provocative architecture and design shows in recent history. The result was a unique combination of proposals from a diverse group of architects tha
