《帝师八思巴传》详细记述了八思巴一生对包括西藏地区在内的中国历史的发展所做出的多方面的有深远影响的重大贡献。在宗教方面，他以渊博的佛学知识和随机教化的灵活，赢得了忽必烈为首的元朝皇室的信赖和崇敬，通过他杰出的宗教活动成功地使蒙古皇室接受了藏传佛教。在政治方面，他顺应历史潮流，用毕生的精力促使西藏地方和广大藏族地区归附元朝中央，他和忽必烈开创的皇室与西藏地方佛教领袖的宗教、政治关系格局。元明清三朝延续了近七百年。在文化方面，他创新蒙古新字，把西藏的宗教、医学、艺术介绍到蒙古皇室和汉地，又把中原的文化介绍到西藏，使汉蒙藏各族的文化交流进入一个新的时期。

At the end of World War II, long before an Allied victory wasassured and before the scope of the atrocities orchestrated byHitler would come into focus or even assume the name of theHolocaust, Allied forces had begun to prepare for its aftermath.Taking cues from the end of the First World War, planners had begunthe futile task of preparing themselves for a civilian healthcrisis that, due in large part to advances in medical science,would never come. The problem that emerged was not widespreaddisease among Europe’s population, as anticipated, but massivedisplacement among those who had been uprooted from home andcountry during the war. Displaced Persons, as the refugees would come to be known, were notcomprised entirely of Jews. Millions of Latvians, Poles,Ukrainians, and Yugoslavs, in addition to several hundred thousandGermans, were situated in a limbo long overlooked by historians.While many were speedily repatriated, millions of refugees refusedto return to countries that were forever changed by the wa

In the 1930s Orwell was sent by a socialist book club toinvestigate the appalling mass unemployment in the industrial northof England. He went beyond his assignment to investigate theemployed as well-”to see the most typical section of the Englishworking class.” Foreword by Victor Gollancz.

Upon its original publication, Plagues and Peoples wasan immediate critical and popular success, offering a radically newinterpretation of world history as seen through the extraordinaryimpact--political, demographic, ecological, and psychological--ofdisease on cultures. From the conquest of Mexico by smallpox asmuch as by the Spanish, to the bubonic plague in China, to thetyphoid epidemic in Europe, the history of disease is the historyof humankind. With the identification of AIDS in the early 1980s,another chapter has been added to this chronicle of events, whichWilliam McNeill explores in his new introduction to this updatedediton. Thought-provoking, well-researched, and compulsively readable, Plagues and Peoples is that rare book that is as fascinatingas it is scholarly, as intriguing as it is enlightening. "Abrilliantly conceptualized and challenging achievement" (KirkusReviews), it is essential reading, offering a new perspective onhuman history.

A renowned historian contends "that the Americanwarrior, not technology, wins wars." (Patrick K. O'Donnell, authorof Give Me Tomorrow ) John C. McManus coverssix decades of warfare in which the courage of American troopsproved the crucial difference between victory and defeat. Based onyears of archival research and personal interviews with veterans,Grunts demonstrates the vital, and too often forgotten, importanceof the human element in protecting the American nation, andadvances a passionate plea for fundamental change in ourunderstanding of war.

“Reads like a novel. A fast-paced page-turner, it haseverything: sex, wit, humor, and adventures. But it is animpressively researched and important story.” —David Fromkin, author of Europe’s Last Summer Vienna, 1814 is an evocative and brilliantly researched accountof the most audacious and extravagant peace conference in modernEuropean history. With the feared Napoleon Bonaparte presumablydefeated and exiled to the small island of Elba, heads of some 216states gathered in Vienna to begin piecing together the ruins ofhis toppled empire. Major questions loomed: What would be done withFrance? How were the newly liberated territories to be divided?What type of restitution would be offered to families of thedeceased? But this unprecedented gathering of kings, dignitaries,and diplomatic leaders unfurled a seemingly endless stream ofpersonal vendettas, long-simmering feuds, and romanticentanglements that threatened to undermine the crucial work athand, even as their hard-fought policy dec

On January 30, 1889,at the champagne-splashed height of the Viennese Carnival, theHandsome and charming Crown Prince Rudolf fired a revolver at histeenaged mistress and them himself. The two shots that rang out atMayerling in the Vienna Woods echo still.

The Battle ofNormandy was the greatest offensive campaign the world had everseen. Millions of soldiers struggling for the control of Europewere thrust onto the front lines of a massive war unlike anyexperienced in history. But this greatest of clashes would prove tobe the crucible in which the outcome of World War II would bedecided. It began on D-Day. June 6, 1944-the day that the Allied Forceslaunched Operation Overlord: the great crusade to free Europe fromthe iron grip of Nazi Germany. But only when the troops were ashoredid the real battle begin. With Nazi defenders marshaling to stop the invaders, Hitler and hisgenerals schemed to counterattack. Tightly constricted hedgerowcountry and bitter German resistance held the Allied advance to acrawl. Suddenly the Allies broke through and trapped the Naziarmies. Yet within weeks of this stunning disaster, the Germanssmashed the most dangerous Allied offensive yet. How was this possible? In Normandy Crucible , noted authorJohn Prados offers a penetrating acco

Named one of the Ten Best Books of the Year by the New York Times Book Review Almost a decade in the making , this much-anticipated grandhistory of postwar Europe from one of the world’s most esteemedhistorians and intellectuals is a singular achievement. Postwar is the first modern history that covers all ofEurope, both east and west, drawing on research in six languages tosweep readers through thirty-four nations and sixty years ofpolitical and cultural change—all in one integrated, enthrallingnarrative. Both intellectually ambitious and compelling to read,thrilling in its scope and delightful in its small details, Postwar is a rare joy. * A Time and San Francisco Chronicle Best Book ofthe Year * Maps, photos, and cartoons throughout

In 1944,eighteen-year-old university student Leo Litwak finds himself in the middle of the waning European war,a medic trained to save lives but often powerless to do much more than watch life slip away.instead of a rifle he carries bandages, sulfa powder, morphine_and only a red cross to protect him.This is the true story of real people in war _friende and thieves,dreamers and killers,jokers and heroes_as wellas theper-sonal account of a young American plucked from a sheltered,comfort-asble life and sent to a foreign land to save the men fighting to save the world.Few books have portrayed the grit and wonder of war with such eloquence,and still fewer have shown how war looks through the eyes of a soldier whose mission was saving lives,not taking them.

rom one of the great political journalists of our time comes aboldly argued reinterpretation of the central event in ourcollective past--a book that portrays the American Revolution notas a clash of ideologies but as a Machiavellian struggle forpower.

From a master chronicler of Spanish history comes amagnificent work about the pivotal years from 1522 to 1566, whenSpain was the greatest European power. Hugh Thomas has written arich and riveting narrative of exploration, progress, and plunder.At its center is the unforgettable ruler who fought the French andexpanded the Spanish empire, and the bold conquistadors who werehis agents. Thomas brings to life King Charles V—first as a ganglyand easygoing youth, then as a liberal statesman who exceeded allhis predecessors in his ambitions for conquest (while making sureto maintain the humanity of his new subjects in the Americas), andfinally as a besieged Catholic leader obsessed with Protestantheresy and interested only in profiting from those he presidedover. The Golden Empire also presents the legendary men whom KingCharles V sent on perilous and unprecedented expeditions: HernánCortés, who ruled the “New Spain” of Mexico as an absolutemonarch—and whose rebuilding of its capital, Tenochti

Throughout history, the Balkans have been a crossroads, a zoneof endless military, cultural, and economic mixing and clashingbetween Europe and Asia, Christianity and Islam, Catholicism andOrthodoxy. In this highly acclaimed short history, Mark Mazowersheds light on what has been called the tinderbox of Europe, whosetroubles have ignited wider wars for hundreds of years. Focusing onevents from the emergence of the nation-state onward, The Balkansreveals with piercing clarity the historical roots of currentconflicts and gives a landmark reassessment of the region’shistory, from the world wars and the Cold War to the collapse ofcommunism, the disintegration of Yugoslavia, and the continuingsearch for stability in southeastern Europe.

In this landmark work, one of the world’s most renownedEgyptologists tells the epic story of this great civilization, fromits birth as the first nation-state to its final absorption intothe Roman Empire—three thousand years of wild drama, boldspectacle, and unforgettable characters. Award-winning scholar Toby Wilkinson captures not only the lavishpomp and artistic grandeur of this land of pyramids and pharaohsbut for the first time reveals the constant propaganda andrepression that were its foundations. Drawing upon forty years ofarchaeological research, Wilkinson takes us inside an exotic tribalsociety with a pre-monetary economy and decadent, divine kings whoruled with all-too-recognizable human emotions. Here are the years of the Old Kingdom, where Pepi II, made kingas an infant, was later undermined by rumors of his affair with anarmy general, and the Middle Kingdom, a golden age of literatureand jewelry in which the benefits of the afterlife became availablefor all, not just royalt

Written by one of the world’s foremost historians of humanmigration, Peoples and Empires is the story of the greatEuropean empires—the Roman, the Spanish, the French, theBritish—and their colonies, and the back-and-forth between “us” and“them,” culture and nature, civilization and barbarism, the centerand the periphery. It’s the history of how conquerors justifiedconquest, and how colonists and the colonized changed each otherbeyond all recognition.

They are floating cities with crews of thousands. They are thelinchpins of any military strategy, for they provide what hasbecome the key to every battle fought since World War I: airsuperiority. The mere presence of a U.S. naval carrier in a regionis an automatic display of strength that sends a message nopotential enemy can ignore. Now, Tom Clancy welcomes you aboard fora detailed look at how these floating behemoths function. With histrademark style and eye for detail, Clancy brings you naval combatstrategy like no one else can. Carrier includes: * Takeoffs andlandings: flying into the danger zone The aircraft onboard: their range, their power, theirweaponry The role of the carrier in modern naval warfare Exclusive photographs, illustrations and diagrams Plus: An interview with the U.S. Navy's Chief of NavalOperations, Admiral Jay Johnson

By the world-renowned novelist, playwright, critic, and authorof Wizard of the Crow, an evocative and affecting memoir ofchildhood. Ngugi wa Thiong’o was born in 1938 in rural Kenya to a fatherwhose four wives bore him more than a score of children. The manwho would become one of Africa’s leading writers was the fifthchild of the third wife. Even as World War II affected the lives ofAfricans under British colonial rule in particularly unexpectedways, Ngugi spent his childhood as very much the apple of hismother’s eye before attending school to slake what was thenconsidered a bizarre thirst for learning. In Dreams in a Time of War, Ngugi deftly etches a bygone era,capturing the landscape, the people, and their culture; the socialand political vicissitudes of life under colonialism and war; andthe troubled relationship between an emerging Christianized middleclass and the rural poor. And he shows how the Mau Mau armedstruggle for Kenya’s independence against the British informed noton

Since its first publication in 1945? Lord Russell's A History of Western Philosophy has been universally acclaimed as the outstanding one-volume work on the subject -- unparalleled in its comprehensiveness, its clarity, its erudition, its grace and wit. In seventy-six chapters he traces philosophy from the rise of Greek civilization to the emergence of logical analysis in the twentieth century. Among the philosophers considered are: Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, the Atomists, Protagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, the Stoics, Plotinus, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, Benedict, Gregory the Great, John the Scot, Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Occam, Machiavelli, Erasmus, More, Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, the Utilitarians, Marx, Bergson, James, Dewey, and lastly the philosophers with whom Lord Russell himself is most closely associated -- Cantor, Frege, and

On 22 June 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union, onehundred fifty divisions advancing on three axes in a surpriseattack that overwhelmed and destroyed whatever opposition theRussians were able to muster. The German High Command was under theimpression that the Red Army could be destroyed west of the DneprRiver and that there would be no need for conducting operations incold, snow, and mud. They were wrong. In reality, the extreme conditions of the German war in Russiawere so brutal that past experiences simply paled before them.Everything in Russia--the land, the weather, the distances, andabove all the people--was harder, harsher, more unforgiving, andmore deadly than anything the German soldier had ever facedbefore. Based on the recollections of four veteran German commanders ofthose battles, FIGHTING IN HELL describes in detail what happenedwhen the world's best-publicized "supermen" met the world's mostbrutal fighting. It is not a tale for the squeamish.

In AD 476 the Roman Empire fell–or rather, its western halfdid. Its eastern half, which would come to be known as theByzantine Empire, would endure and often flourish for anothereleven centuries. Though its capital would move to Constantinople,its citizens referred to themselves as Roman for the entireduration of the empire’s existence. Indeed, so did its neighbors,allies, and enemies: When the Turkish Sultan Mehmet II conqueredConstantinople in 1453, he took the title Caesar of Rome, placinghimself in a direct line that led back to Augustus. For far too many otherwise historically savvy people today, thestory of the Byzantine civilization is something of a void. Yet formore than a millennium, Byzantium reigned as the glittering seat ofChristian civilization. When Europe fell into the Dark Ages,Byzantium held fast against Muslim expansion, keeping Christianityalive. When literacy all but vanished in the West, Byzantium madeprimary education available to both sexes. Students debated themerits