±¾ÊéÊÇÕë¶ÔºâƽÓëÐÅÍгõѧÕߵļòÃ÷¶ÁÎï¡£×÷Õß´ÓÐÅÍеĿò¼Ü¡¢ÐÅÍÐµÄÆðÔ´¼°ÐÅÍеÄÓÃ;³ö·¢£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô°¸ÀýµÄÐðÊöÒÔ¼°¶ÔÖØµãÎÊÌâµÄѧÊõÌÖÂÛ£¬ÔÚ·ÖÎöÐÅÍеĻù±¾¸ÅÄîºÍÔÔò¡¢ÌØÕ÷¼°ÐγɵĻù´¡ÉÏ£¬¶ÔÄ¿µÄÐÅÍС¢´ÈÉÆÐÅÍС¢¹é¸´ÐÅÍС¢Íƶ¨ÐÅÍзֱð½øÐÐÁËÑо¿£¬²ûÊöÁËÊÜÍÐÈ˵ÄÒåÎñºÍÔðÈΣ¬²¢¿¼²ìÁËÎ¥·´ÐÅÍеÄÓйØÊÂÏÄÚÈÝÉæ¼°ÐÅÍз¨¿Î³ÌÖÐͨ³£°üº¬µÄËùÓÐÖ÷Ìâ¡£±¾Ê齫°ïÖú³õѧÐÅÍеķ¨Ñ§±¾¿ÆÉú½Ò¿ªÐÅÍйæÔòµÄÉñÃØÃæÉ´£¬Ê¹Ñ§ÉúÔÚÐÅÍз¨µÄÀíÂÛºÍʵ¼ù»·¾³ÖмÓÉîÀí½â¡£
¡¶*ÈËÃñ·¨ÔºË¾·¨¹Ûµã¼¯³É¡·(ÐÂ±à°æ)ÊÇÒ»²¿¿ÉÒÔͨÀÀ*ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¸÷Àà˾·¨¹ÛµãµÄȨwei˾·¨ÊµÎñÖ¸µ¼ÓÃÊ飬¶ÔÓÚͳһ¸÷Àà°¸¼þ²ÃÅбê×¼£¬Ö¸µ¼Ë¾·¨ÊµÎñ¹¤×÷£¬²»¶ÏÌá¸ß¹ã´ó·¨¹Ù׼ȷÀí½âºÍÊÊÓ÷¨ÂɵÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ÓÐ×Å»ý¼«µÄ²Î¿¼Ö¸µ¼×÷Óá£ÕûÌ×´ÔÊéÒÔ*ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº·¢²¼µÄ˾·¨½âÊÍ¡¢Ë¾·¨Õþ²ß¡¢Ö¸µ¼ÐÔ°¸Àý¡¢´ð¸´¡¢Í¨Öª¡¢²ÃÅÐÎÄÊéºÍ¡¶*ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¹«±¨¡·¿¯ÔصݸÀýµÈÎªËØ²ÄºÍÒÀ¾Ý£¬½«É¢¼ûÓÚ¸÷ÖÖ˾·¨ÎļþÖеĶÔÉóÅй¤×÷¾ßÓÐÖ¸µ¼ÐÔ¡¢²Î¿¼ÐÔµÄÄÚÈݽøÐÐÊÕ¼¯¡¢·ÖÀà¡¢¹éÄÉ£¬´Ózui¾ßʵ¼ù¼ÛÖµºÍÀíÂÛÒâÒåµÄÄÚÈÝÖÐÌáÁ¶³ö*ÈËÃñ·¨ÔºµÄ˾·¨¹ÛµãÕûÀí±àд¶ø³É¡£ ÕûÌ×´ÔÊéµÄÌØµãÓÐÈý£º1.ÒÔ˾·¨½âÊÍΪºËÐÄ¡£±¾Êé±àÈëµÄ˾·¨¹ÛµãÊ×ÏÈ×¢ÖØ´ÓÏÖÐÐÓÐЧµÄ˾·¨½âÊÍÖÐÌáÁ¶£¬Í»³ö¹ÛµãÀ´Ô´µÄȨweiÐÔ¡£2.È«ÃæÊáÀí¡¢Á¢Ìå³ÊÏÖ¡£ÒÔ˾·¨½âÊÍΪºËÐÄ£¬È«ÃæÊÕ¼¯*ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¸÷ÖÖÕþ²ßÎļþ¡¢Ö¸µ¼ÐÔ°¸Àý¡¢²Ã
±¾ÊéÊÇÎ÷·½Ñ§½ç½ÏÔç¹Ø×¢Öйú´«Í³ÃñÊ·¨ÂɺÍÉÌÊ·¨ÂɵĴú±í×÷¡£×÷Õß³£ÄêÔÚ»ª²ÎÓëÖÐÎ÷·¨Âɽ»Á÷£¬ËûÒÔ´óÇåÂÉÀý¡¢»áµä¡¢Ð̰¸»ãÀÀËùÔØ°¸¼þ¡¢»áÉó¹«âݰ¸¼þ±¨µÀΪʷÁÏ£¬ÎªÎ÷·½¶ÁÕßÃè»æÁËÒ»¸±ÍêÕûµÄ¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í³õÆÚÖйú»éÒö¡¢¼Ì³Ð¡¢Ïç´å×éÖ¯¡¢ÍÁµØ¡¢ÉÌʵķ¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈÓëʵ¼ùͼ¾°£¬´òÆÆÁË´«Í³ÖйúÎÞÃñ·¨µÄÈÏÖª¡£±¾ÊéµÄÑо¿ÊӽǺÍËùÓòÄÁÏÔÚÎ÷·½Öйú·¨Ñо¿ÖоßÓÐÖØÒªµÄѧÊõµØÎ»£¬±»ÓþΪ ÖйúÃñ·¨Ñо¿µÄÏÈÇýÖ®×÷ ¡£Òë±¾±£Áô²¢²¹³äÁËÏà¹ØÎÄÏ×£¬Ê¹ÎÒÃÇÖØÐÂÈÏʶ´«Í³¼°½ü´úÖйú·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈµÄÖØÒªÑ§ÊõÖø×÷¡£
·ÖΪÐÎʽÉó²éºÍÊÂÎñ¹¤×÷±àºÍÉ̱êÉó²éÉóÀí±à¡£ÆäÖÐÐÎʽÉó²éºÍÊÂÎñ¹¤×÷±à°üº¬É̱êÉêÇëÐÎʽÉó²é¡¢ÉÌÆ··þÎñºÍÉ̱ê¼ìË÷ÒªËØ·ÖÀà¡¢ÆäËûÉ̱êÒµÎñÉó²é¡¢ÂíµÂÀïÉ̱ê¹ú¼Ê×¢²áÉó²éÒÔ¼°É̱êÉêÇëÊÂÎñ´¦ÀíÎå¸ö²¿·Ö£¬¹²25¸öÕ½ڣ»É̱êÉó²éÉóÀí±à°üº¬²»ÒÔʹÓÃΪĿµÄµÄ¶ñÒâÉ̱ê×¢²áÉêÇëµÄÉó²éÉóÀí¡¢É̱êÏÔÖøÌØÕ÷µÄÉó²éÉóÀí¡¢É̱êÏàͬ»òÕß½üËÆµÄÉó²éÉóÀí¡¢Èýά±êÖ¾É̱êµÄÉó²éÉóÀíµÈ19¸öÕ½ڡ£
±¾ÊéÊǹØÓÚÓ¢¹ú½ü´ú·¨ÒÔÎ¥·´ÐÅÍÐΪÖ÷ÌâµÄרÌâÑо¿£¬ÊÇ»ã¾Û¶àλѧÕߺͷ¨¹ÙµÄ¼¯ÌåÖǻۣ¬Àú¾ÈýÄêÐͬŬÁ¦£¬ÔÚרÌâÑÐÌÖ»á»ù´¡ÉÏÐγɵÄÑо¿³É¹û¡£±¾ÊéÄÚÈݺ¸ÇÎ¥·´ÐÅÍÐÐÐΪµÄ·ÖÀࣻ»ùÓÚÎ¥·´ÐÅÍлñµÃµÄ¾È¼ÃȨ£»µ±ÐÅÍвƲú±»²»µ±´¦ÖÃʱ£¬¶Ô²Æ²úÐÔÐÐΪµÄ½âÊÍ£»ÓëÊÜÍÐÈ˹ØÁªµÄµÚÈý·½µÄÔðÈΣ»ÊÜÍÐÈËÔðÈμõÃâµÄÈô¸É·¨ÂÉ»úÖÆµÈÖ÷Ìâ¡£¾Í±àÕ߽ǶÈÀ´¿´£¬Æä±à×ë±¾ÊéµÄÄ¿µÄÔÚÓÚ¸üкÍÉѧ½çºÍʵÎñ½ç¶ÔÎ¥·´ÐÅÍÐËùÉæÏà¹ØÖ÷ÌâµÄÑо¿£¬ÒÔÍÆ¶¯ÕâÒ»ÁìÓòÍÑÀëÔçÆÚÒòÐÅÍз¨ËùÉæ·¨ÂÉÓïÑÔ»Þɬ¶øµ¼ÖµÄÏà¶ÔÖͺóµÄÑо¿À§¾³£¬ÊéÖÐËùÌá³öµÄ¶ÔÐÅÍз¨ÂÉÖÆ¶È±ä¸ïµÄÈô¸É½¨Òé¾ßÓÐÉî¿ÌÒâÒå¡£±¾ÊéÌåϵ±àÅÅ¿ÆÑ§£¬ËùչʾµÄÆÕͨ·¨ÏµÎ¥·´ÐÅÍз¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈµÄ°¸Àý¼°·¨ÂÉÂß¼´ó¶àΪÆäËûÐÅÍз¨×ÛºÏÐÔÖø×÷ËùÎ´Éæ×㣬Òò¶ø¶ÔÓÚÍÆ½øÎÒ¹úѧ½çÔÚÎ¥·´ÐÅÍÐÁìÓòµÄÑо¿½ø³Ì¾ßÓÐÖØÒª¼ÛÖµ¡£
ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý×Ô1897Äêʼ´´£¬ÒÔ ²ýÃ÷½ÌÓý£¬¿ªÆôÃñÖÇ Îª×ÚÖ¼£¬ÓÚ½¨¹ÝÒîÄê±ã³ö°æÁË¡¶ÂíÊÏÎÄͨ¡·£¬ÕⲿѧÊõ¾µä¼ÈÊÇÖйúѧÊõÏÖ´ú»¯µÄ±êÖ¾Ö®Ò»£¬Ò²¿ªÆôÁËÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý°ÙÄêѧÊõ³ö°æµÄÐòÄ»¡£ Æäºó£¬ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹ÝÒ»Ö±ÓëÖлªÏÖ´úѧÊõÏà°é¶øÐУ¬³ö°æÁË´óÅú¾ßÓÐÏÊÃ÷Ô´´¾«Éñ²¢¸»ÓÚѧÊõ½¨Ê÷µÄ¾µäÖø×÷£¬Öî¶à¿ªÉ½Ö®Öø¡¢µì»ùÖ®×÷¶¼ÊÇÔÚ±¾¹ÝÊ×´ÎÎÊÊÀ¡£ÕâЩѧÊõ¾µäµÄ³ö°æ£¬Ê¹±¾¹ÝµÃÒÔ**ÏÖ´úѧÊõ·¢Õ¹£¬¼¤¶¯Éç»á˼Ïë³±Á÷£¬²ÎÓëÃñ×åÐÂÎÄ»¯µÄ¹¹Öþ£¬Ò²·ÖÏíÖйúѧ½çµÄÀúÊ·Èٹ⡣ 1949ÄêÒԺ󣬱¾¹ÝËäÒÔÞ–ÒëÊÀ½çѧÊõÃûÖø¡¢±à×ëÖÐÍâ´ÇÊéΪ²àÖØ£¬µ«Ô´´Ñ§ÊõÖø×÷µÄ³ö°æ´Óδֹ²½¡£2009ÄêÆð£¬ÎÒ¹ÝÂ½Ðø³ö°æ ÖлªÏÖ´úѧÊõÃûÖø´ÔÊé £¬È«ÃæÕûÀíÖлªÏÖ´úѧÊõ³É¹û£¬ÉîÈë̽ѰÏÖ´úÖйúµÄ°ÙÄêѧÂö¡£ ´ÔÊéÊÕ¼Éϰ×ÍíÇåÏÂÖÁ1980Äê´úÄ©ÖйúÔ´´Ñ§ÊõÃûÖø£¨°üÀ¨ÍâÎÄÖø×÷£©£¬ÒÔ