In this work the authors present a general theory ofbureaucracy and use it to explain behaviour in large organizationsand to explain what determines efficiency in both governments andbusiness corporations. The theory uses the methods of standardneoclassical economic theory. It relies on two central principles:that members of an organization trade with one another and thatthey compete with one another. Authority, which is the basis forconventional theories of bureaucracy, is given a role, despitereliance on the idea of trade between bureaucracies. It is argued,however, that bureaucracies cannot operate efficiently on the basisof authority alone. Exchange between bureaucrats is hamperedbecause promises are not enforceable. So trust and loyalty betweenmembers of bureaucratic networks play an important part. Theauthors find that vertical networks promote efficiency whilehorizontal ones impede it.

In 1957, Lee Cronbach called on the membership of the AmericanPsychological Association to bring together experimental anddifferential approaches to the study of cognition. The field ofintelligence research is an example of a response to that call, andCognition and Intelligence: Identifying the Mechanisms of Mindinvestigates the progress of this research program in theliterature of the past several decades. With contributions fromformative experts in the field, including Earl Hunt and RobertSternberg, this volume reviews the research on the study ofintelligence from diverse cognitive approaches, from the mostbottom-up to the most top-down. The authors present their findingson the underlying cognitive aspects of intelligence based on theirstudies of neuroscience, reaction time, artificial intelligence,problem solving, metacognition, and development. The booksummarizes and synthesizes the literature reviewed and makesrecommendations for the pursuit of future research in thefield.