遗传学学科的起源应归功于孟德尔遗传规律的发现以及土9世纪后半期BaranetSky提出的染色体的概念。遗传学学科的真正构成是在20世纪初期形成的。而关于基因确切的化学属性知识及其表达机制方面的突破，是在于1953年WatSon和Crick发现的DNA双螺旋结构，这一结构可以解释基因的所有属性。这之后的一系列发明和创造，导致遗传语言的确立。解释基因的核酸语言翻译成为蛋白质的氨基酸语言的机制的密码概念是一个重大的发展。一旦基因和遗传密码的属性得到认识，技术上的惊人发展将会导致这样的事实，基因可以被分离、合成、分析，并且可以被改造，被从一种有机体直接转移到另一种有机体上。这种培育转基因作物的新技术，结合传统的作物改良方法，如通过突变、染色体变异和杂交等所产生的影响，简直难以估量。 同时，作为遗传物质或基因的载体，需要

Innovative tools and methods haveplayed important roles in new frontiers．One important frontier inlife science is the single-cell related field． Although DNAsequencers or other tools have provided SO manv valuable biologicaldata tO date，they were averages over ensemble of cells．Now manypeopte are interested in analyzing individual cells and signalssuch as exomes to understand a whole life system．We need new toolsto analyze mRNA，proteins，and metabolites in single—cells as well asin exomes quantitatively．TheY might give great impact on thepharmaceutical，medical and biological fields．The collaborationsamong researchers in various fields and various countries mightpromote the development of the tools．The purpose of this meeting isto promote the interdisciplinary and international collaborationsin this exciting frontier．