本书以连通度图形、加和性、乘积性、机一电耦合性等材料科学的概念，分析和研究了复合导电高分子材料的功能原理，特别是这种复合材料在其导电渗流阈值附近的正、负温度系数(PTC、NTC)电阻行为，电开关特性，自发热电行为，传感功能，以及这些响应与不同外场激励的耦合关系等。典型的材料体系为目前已经获得广泛工业应用的碳黑填充高密度聚乙烯材料，但也适当涉及复相高分子基体或碳纤维填料等其他材料。通过建模演绎，可以比较深刻地理解这类材料的组分、体积分数、特别是其微结构与复合材料导电功能的内在联系，从而为设计、制备和应用这类材料奠定了一个比较通用的基础。 本书的绝大多数数据来源于作者及其研究集体近年的工作积累，但这绝不意味着这些数据或结果是性能最好、指标最高、或代表性的。本书仅仅以最一般的配方和最常见

从本书中学到物理大师做学问的方法。对称性是粒子物理的精髓，可以学到李先生如何从对称性原理出发，研究粒子物理的各种模型；如何利用量纲分析，数量级估计的方法来演绎物理定律和定理。从这本书中，还可以学到李先生是如何将理论物理和实验物理有机地结合起来。众所周知，李先生是实验与理论结合的典范，许多实验物理学家都愿意与李先生讨论他们在实验中遇到的问题，许多高能实验都是由李先生建议做的，包括美国布鲁克（Brookhaven）实验的大项目相对论重离子对撞机（RHIC）的建造等。这本书陈述的物理大多数都是在第二次世界大战时期发展起来的，李先生创建，或参与，或目睹了整个过程。因此，他对这些理论的解读和理解肯定有其之处，经过了他的思维而写下了教科书将是人类宝贵的财富。

Recent years have brought a revival of work on string theory, which haeen a source of fascination since its origins nearly twenty years ago.There seems to be a widely perceived need for a systematic, pedagogical exposition of the present state of knowledge about string theory. We hope that thiook will help to meet this need. To give a prehensive account of such a vast topic as string theory would scarcely be possible,even in two volumes with the length to which these have grown. Indeed,we have had to omit many important subjects, while treating others only sketchily. String field theory is omitted entirely (though the subject of chapter 11 is closely related to light-cone string field theory). Conformal field theory is not developed systematically, though much of the background material needed to understand recent papers on this subject is presented in chapter 3 and elsewhere.

本书内容涵盖粒子物理基础、宇宙线的物理（加速、相互作用）和天文（起源、传播）问题及其探测方法。针对目前广为采用的大气簇射实验，本书侧重讨论了大气簇射中宇宙线各成分（包括强子、光子、μ子和中微子）的理论模型及数值模拟方法。书中的理论分析简明直观，密切结合实验，具有较强的针对性。读者通过本书可以对宇宙线这个学科有整体和适当深度的了解。本书适合作为物理学专业高年级本科生和研究生的入门教材。对粒子物理标准模型和天文学有基础性的了解有助于对本书的理解。本书亦适合工作在宇宙线领域的专家学者参考。

This highly regarded text provides an up-to-date and prehensive introduction to modem particle physics. Extensively rewritten and updated, this fourth edition includes all the recent developments in elementary particle physics, as well as its connections with cosmology and astrophysics. As in previous editions, the balance between experiment and theory is continually emphasized. The stress is on the phenomenological approach and basic theoretical concepts rather than rigorous mathematical detail. Short descriptions are given of some of the key experiments in the field, and how they have influenced our thinking. Although most of the material is presented in the context of the Standard Model of quarks and leptons, the shortings of this model and new physiceyond its pass (such as super symmetry, neutrino mass and oscillations, GUTs and superstrings) are also discussed. The text includes many problems and a detailed and annotated further reading list. This is a text suitable for final-year physics un

在杨-米尔斯理论发表50周年之际，这本无价的文集回顾了由这一美妙思想引发出来的基本粒子物理的发展和成就。 在过去的50年，作为理论物理不可否认的最重要的基础，杨一米尔斯理论得到了广阔的发展。从各种视角对这一理论进行的研究，使理论以许多新的、没有预想到的面貌被揭示出来。在最近几十年，从高能物理延伸出去，该理论已经活跃地应用在物理学的其他分支中，诸如统计物理、凝聚态物理和非线性系统等，使这一理论成为所有从事物理学工作的人无法回避的课题。 在这本文集上发表文章或作更详细的技术上说明的是一个国际的专家团队，他们中的每一位专家都曾在这一非凡理论的发展中留下过自己的足迹。这些文章又从各位专家独到的视角凸现了这些新发现。

从本书中学到物理大师做学问的方法。对称性是粒子物理的精髓，可以学到李先生如何从对称性原理出发，研究粒子物理的各种模型；如何利用量纲分析，数量级估计的方法来演绎物理定律和定理。从这本书中，还可以学到李先生是如何将理论物理和实验物理有机地结合起来。众所周知，李先生是实验与理论结合的典范，许多实验物理学家都愿意与李先生讨论他们在实验中遇到的问题，许多高能实验都是由李先生建议做的，包括美国布鲁克（Brookhaven）实验的大项目相对论重离子对撞机（RHIC）的建造等。这本书陈述的物理大多数都是在第二次世界大战时期发展起来的，李先生创建，或参与，或目睹了整个过程。因此，他对这些理论的解读和理解肯定有其之处，经过了他的思维而写下了教科书将是人类宝贵的财富。

String theory is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of modern theoretical physics. It was developed in the late 1960s for the purpose of de-scribing the strong nuclear force. Problems were encountered that prevented this program from attaining plete success. In particular, it was realized that the dpectrum of a fundamental string contains an undesired massless spin-two particle. Quantum chromodynamics eventually proved to be the correct theory for describing the strong force and the properties of hadrons,New doors opened for string theory when in 1974 it was proposed to identify the massless spin-two particle in the string's spectrum with the graviton, the quantum of gravitation. String theory became then the most promising can-didate for a quantum theory of gravity unified with the other forces and has developed into one of the most fascinating the6ries of high-energy physics.

从本书中学到物理大师做学问的方法。对称性是粒子物理的精髓，可以学到李先生如何从对称性原理出发，研究粒子物理的各种模型；如何利用量纲分析，数量级估计的方法来演绎物理定律和定理。从这本书中，还可以学到李先生是如何将理论物理和实验物理有机地结合起来。众所周知，李先生是实验与理论结合的典范，许多实验物理学家都愿意与李先生讨论他们在实验中遇到的问题，许多高能实验都是由李先生建议做的，包括美国布鲁克（Brookhaven）实验的大项目相对论重离子对撞机（RHIC）的建造等。这本书陈述的物理大多数都是在第二次世界大战时期发展起来的，李先生创建，或参与，或目睹了整个过程。因此，他对这些理论的解读和理解肯定有其之处，经过了他的思维而写下了教科书将是人类宝贵的财富。

Recent years have brought a revival of work on string theory, which haeen a source of fascination since its origins nearly twenty years ago.There seems to be a widely perceived need for a systematic, pedagogical exposition of the present state of knowledge about string theory. We hope that thiook will help to meet this need. To give a prehensive account of such a vast topic as string theory would scarcely be possible,even in two volumes with the length to which these have grown. Indeed,we have had to omit many important subjects, while treating others only sketchily. String field theory is omitted entirely (though the subject of chapter 11 is closely related to light-cone string field theory). Conformal field theory is not developed systematically, though much of the background material needed to understand recent papers on this subject is presented in chapter 3 and elsewhere.

When I first decided to write a book on string theory, more than ten years ago, my memories of my student years were much more vivid than they are today. Still, I remember that one of the greatest pleasures was finding a text that made a difficult subject accessible, and I hoped to provide the same for string theory. Thus, my first purpose was to give a coherent introduction to string theory, based on the Polyakov path integral and conformal field theory. No previous knowledge of string theory is assumed. I do assume that the reader is familiar with the central ideas of general relativity, such as metrics and curvature, and with the ideas of quantum field theory through non- Abelian gauge symmetry. Originally a full course of quantum field theory was assumed as a prerequisite, but it became clear that many students were eager to learn string theory as soon as possible, and that others had taken courses on quantum field theory that did not emphasize the tools needed for string theory. I have therefore tri